Manage Your Waste

Waste disposal is an intriguing issue that tends to augment with the huge growth in population. Vast industrial development and enormous rise in population are proportionately contributing to waste disposal management techniques and styles. Out of different methods adopted for better disposal management, the most common and widely practiced is landfill. Hence landfill is also known as dump or rubbish where squander materials are buried landfill is the oldest form of such disposal management. Among all the waste disposal management methods, landfill happens to be the most cost-effective one. In landfills, various techniques are applied to confine squanders within small areas, making the dissipate...

A geographical area rich in hydrocarbon content, commonly referred to as crude oil is called as an oil field. Generally, fossil fuels in the form of crude oil is extracted out of the ground and refined to purer forms. These oil-fields expand covering large areas, even several kilometers. To ensure that these oil reservoirs are aptly tapped, numerous oil wells are dispersed throughout the whole region. In addition to extraction rigs, some exploratory wells are established along the whole boundary line around the oil field. The pipelines can be used for transferring the extracted oil to other places or storage tankers. Such exploitation on large scale often calls for proper oil field waste disposal...

Day in and day out, there's excess of waste being dumped into the ground or water resources. But, has any one thought about the impact they may have on the natural resources and various species? Little do we realize the after effects of dumping waste and measures to dispose them safely so that it doesn't cause any harm to living creatures and natural habitat. Waste management disposal is of prime concern and treating them is also important. Two types of waste generating sources are home and industries. There's domestic as well as industrial effluents which needs to be handled. Industrial effluents are quite dangerous as they are often filled with chemicals and fertilizers. These may cause severe...

"Are you part of the pollution or part of the Solution?" According to the US Government, the average household contributes 20 pounds of hazardous waste per year. We are so quick to blame "big business" and yet when you put it all together an average neighborhood alone, if that average is correct, (I would guess in our more affluent area, we might be adding more than the average) A 500 home subdivision could possibly be contributing to the hazardous waste arena, approximately 11,000 lbs of hazardous waste into our landfills each year. I would make a guess to say, not because we didn't care, but just because we didn't know that these regular items are hazardous. Most of us certainly would not...

Archeological evidence said that humans had a way of managing their waste even before landfills and incinerators were developed. In many archeological sites, dumping pits were discovered where early people were believed to throw in their waste. In the course of history, waste regulations were enacted. This suggests that waste management is not a modern principle but in fact a natural response to existence. Humans naturally know what to do with their waste as evidenced by the instituted waste management systems in the pre-modern and modern forms. However, along with global industrialization and population explosion, waste production blew out of proportion, endangering the environment and threatening...

The Swiss have always been highly environmentally aware, and for a long while have looked after their environment in an exemplary fashion. The 'Guidelines to waste management in Switzerland' ( EKA, 1986 ) were set in 1986, well ahead of many states. One necessary objective of this as a code of good practice has been that all waste management procedures have to provide materials which either are re-usable or can be disposed of in a landfill without any negative or damaging environmental impact for long term periods. This kind of landfilling would be called 'final storage' and the wastes in the final storage must of course by inference have 'final storage quality'. Emissions from a final storage...

Used oil is a concern of every restaurant owner. This natural byproduct of deep frying foods creates an annoyance for any owner. What can you do will all of those gallons of oil produced every day that won't put a strain on your business's budget? Luckily, there are a number of recourses for disposing of oil and an astute owner can even turn that waste to profit. Most restaurants still use traditional oil disposal services to haul away the massive amounts of used cooking oil that are produced throughout the course of regular business. However, depending on where your business is located, you may have more options than you realize. With a rising demand for oil to be used in a number of products and...

Each year in the UK alone, 22.5 million tonnes of waste is thrown in rubbish bins or waste bins around the home and office. All this waste has to be managed and waste management is of vital importance to ensure we are not all knee-deep in rubbish. Waste management is becoming increasingly more important as government’s across the globe are trying to reduce the impact of waste on the environment. But what happens to all that rubbish that ends up in our waste bins and wheelie bins? There are only really three methods for disposing of waste that we throw into our rubbish bins: Landfill Recycling Incineration And there are advantages and disadvantages in each method of waste management. Landfills...

Bakersfield, California – The industrial trade site that connects European and American manufacturers, importers and exporters of industrial goods ForeignTRADEX.com, a division of the Industrial Leaders Group (ILG) introduced this morning its new Water Treatment Systems, Filters and Supplies Directory. The site, according to the company, includes factory direct and authorized dealer offerings for a broad range of chemicals, filtration systems, machinery and equipment for treating industrial waste water. According to Timothy White, spokesperson for ForeignTRADEX, the company recently added over 50 international suppliers of industrial wastewater treatment equipment as well as a value-added guide...

If you have always wanted a garbage disposal that provides durability, efficiency and affordability, then this article was written especially with you in mind. In today's challenging economic times, you are seeking a disposal unit that is durable yet affordable. Well, look no further, as the Waste King Legend 8000 Garbage Disposal is the answer. It offers value for money, efficiency and is user-friendly. Furthermore, it has received rave reviews from customers and is highly recommended. By the time you have finished reading this article, you will realize that investing in a quality disposal unit like the Waste King Legend 8000 is a smart buying decision. Value for money is usually foremost in your...

Anyone traveling especially on the highway has probably seen large trucks carrying various substances. Some people never even think about what the trucks could be carrying as they travel down the road. However it is important to pay attention to the signs and other writing that is on the side of many of the trucks because they give information about the type of materials that the truck contains. It is important for trucking companies to tell the public when they are carrying dangerous or hazardous materials. Drivers on the road must also make sure to pay attention to the trucks on the road and beware of those that are transporting dangerous cargo. Hazardous waste trucks transport hazardous...

I have been involved in Lean Manufacturing in one form or another since the 80s working for various first tier suppliers to the automotive industry before branching out to other industries as a consultant. People's perception of what lean is has changed quite a lot over the years, and the reputation of lean has been damaged many times over by failed or poor implementations. My own perception of lean has changed also, as a young engineer I have gone for the glory of quick wins in my areas of responsibility to show how clever I was. As I have grown into the role I have realized that these implementations and changes tended to revert, that the savings that were expected were not realized long term and...

The 5-S philosophy is associated with lean thinking. The objective of lean thinking is to provide a business with long-term profitability by developing a more effective workplace, which is accomplished by eliminating waste in the work environment. The result is a safer workplace, improved product quality, and lower costs for both the business and its customers. Lean thinking may result in a reduction in work force, but that is not its purpose. In fact, the application of lean thinking for the purpose of reducing the work force is not lean thinking at all. Since some companies have done this, lean thinking has been given a bad reputation and has made waste reduction efforts more difficult. The 5-S...

For those staying in urban and suburban areas, we enjoy the regular collection of waste and recyclable materials. However, what most of us are not aware is the waste that is brought to dumps is actually many times more toxic than it was 30 years ago. Hazardous Home Wastes It is surprising just how toxic our world has become in just a few years. Synthetic chemicals didn't even exist in any significant numbers before the turn of the 20th century. In the past, home furnishings were made of natural materials, such as carpets, pillows, curtains, bath items and towels. The things that are in the most and close contact with us each day, especially those made before 1980, were made of sustainable and...

There is a growing interest in whole house water filtration systems, because more and more people are finally tuning in to the fact that the water in our reservoirs is no longer safe for us to drink. Despite the fact that the EPA and the water treatment facilities give us little indication that there is any real danger, drinking unfiltered tap water poses an extreme threat to your health. For decades we have allowed the chemicals we use to slip into our rivers, lakes, and streams, which form the foundation of our reservoir system. In many instances this occurred through simple carelessness, or through our lack of understanding as to how long we could safely contain these chemical agents. In other...

Before you install your doggie dooley waste disposal system, read this important information first. When installing the doggie dooley waste disposal system you should also select a site away from your house, tree roots, the path of you lawn mower, and an area of your yard where there is never standing water. Try to locate an area with minimum clay content and check for proper drainage first. Before you install your doggie dooley waste disposal system, check your area if it has heavy clay content because these units do not work as effectively in soils with heavy clay content. You can check your area if it has heavy clay content by digging a hole and testing it for proper drainage. Add 5 gallons of...

Waste King Garbage Disposal has two series of products under the AMC Kitchen Appliances Company. The plain series is the Waste King Legend Series Garbage Disposal EZ-Mount, while the more sophisticated series falls under the Waste King Disposal Legend 3-Bolt Mount. There is not much difference between the two with regard to feature, except for the materials used in the physical aspect of the machine. The EZ-Mount Series is made of plastic and aluminum, while the 3-Bolt Mount uses stainless steel mounting components. Preference over either of the two series depends with the need of the buyer. The buyer must do initial assessment on the size of his space, how much waste is usually put into the...

There is a wide variety of concepts that are understood by some as environmental management systems or EMS and this varies in different industries. The concept has evolved over time. Essentially the name says it all - a system for managing actual and potential environmental problems. While people are wanting to have a green business what they achieve is not always about environmental sustainability, reduced carbon footprint and good energy management within a practical environmental management system. Many industry groups have developed industry wide simplistic programs that they call EMS that actually miss the S for system and some really only have a checklist approach that is based on an "average...

The overstuffing of the useless items in your home can prove to be dangerous for the environment of your home. In order to make your home free from the waste, you can hire the services of the trash removal company. There are numerous problems that would arise if you are not making efforts to make the environment of your house and neighboring area clean and tidy. The overstuffing of the garbage cans with the useless items gives birth to dangerous infections, cockroaches and rats. If you are not trying to keep your area clean and tidy, you may be penalized and get citation from the city where you are living. By hiring the company offering the services of garbage collection and trash removal from your...

Do you want a natural body cleanse? Of course you do! Not only do you feel an almost immediate sense of lightness and relief, you enjoy long term health benefits as well. I just went through a total body detox to start the new year because I had been feeling sluggish and bloated. After participating in a proper detox plan, I felt amazing in a very short period of time. Maybe you feel the same way as I did several weeks ago. It's okay to admit it, we all experience that rundown feeling. The fact is a proper detoxifying of the body can make you feel incredible. You will benefit in 3 specific ways: 1. You will feel more energetic 2. You will lose weight 3. You will rid your body of fungal growths or...

Why do our colons need a good cleansing? Well think about it, what was it created to do? What's it's purpose? It's function is to remove waste. We ask a lot of it. We all need to realize our colon is a crucial part of our health. If it isn't healthy, we can develop serious diseases anytime. Old fecal matter that is stuck to the wall or in pockets of the colon will throw off toxins, feed parasites and poison your health. Eliminating fatty wastes, mucus, and other toxic buildups are very important to our well being. You know the saying is true, "death begins in the colon," because our cancer fighters are in our colon and if its clogged up, the cells that can locate a precancerous cell can't detect it...

It is very likely that you don't take in adequate helpings of fruits and vegetables a day to keep a good digestive tract. Only a few of us have got time to go to the store every few days to keep fresh foods in stock. Increasingly, more toxic chemicals start to build up in our bodies and bogged us down with lethargy, sicknesses and obesity. Fruits and vegetables are very important in helping you keep a clean and healthy colon. Is there a way to cleanse your colon and be healthy even if you can't afford the time to eat fresh foods? Using a colon cleanser like Colon Cleanse Elite can help you stay regulated in a gentle, safe, natural way. It is a two-part system that contains 33 natural "cleansing...

If you are a novice to the idea of body cleansing, then the Detoxdecisions website will help you become fully oriented with the nature of detoxification. The Detoxdecisions website was primarily created to inform people about the useful and beneficial results of detox to one's health.Whether you are new to Detox or have been undergoing detoxification for quite some time now, this website will definitely aid you in starting out your own Detox program and will sustain you with additional information that you need to know for you to manage and control your Detox symptoms more effectively.estyle is invariably different from others. Due to the existing differences among people, Detoxdecisions have tried...

Waste consulting can be a valuable service to hospitals in today's society. Hospitals are now more vital to society than ever before. We have newer, better technologies helping to keep people healthy and to save their lives. As a result, there are over 6,000 hospitals registered with the American Hospital Association in the United States! These hospitals do more than just keep patients healthy. They also produce extremely large quantities of hazardous materials. These hazardous materials include surgery remnants, chemicals, bodily tissues and other highly toxic materials. The EPA has established guidelines for the treatment and removal of these hazardous materials and most individual states also...

Food waste is generated daily at an alarming rate as the world population grows. If we are not caring enough to protect the environment, the food waste can easily fill up all the landfill in no time at all. Fortunately, there are better ways than throwing away all the food waste into the rubbish dump. Worm farming is a great way to turn your leftover food waste into a natural and rich fertiliser with the help of the worms. These little creatures can easily eat up your leftover kitchen scraps and convert them into valuable worm casting or worm compost. Even if you live in a small apartment or flat, you can easily placed a worm bin either in a balcony, as long as it is cool and shaded and away from...

Mattress Removal North Vancouver My next order was in Burnaby for a mattress pick up. Getting to Burnaby is usually not so awful. If you happen to be utilizing the highway you can get there quickly enough. Without having the traffic, rubbish removal is certainly quite easy in Burnaby. Mattress disposal is one of my favorite rubbish removal jobs. Getting a mattress on the pickup truck and also securing it is actually hassle-free. My client wanted me to pick up the mattress out of her appartment since she couldn't carry it down herself. Getting the mattress within an elevator is usually simple nevertheless I can't declare the same about the box spring. Mattress flexes nicely and it can easily fit...

At these times, there are two other filter media that can help to reduce pollution levels present in the water. Zeolite and activated carbon clean the water by chemical rather than biological means. They are also useful in a new biological filter system while you wait for the colony of oxygenating bacteria to mature. Zeolite is a naturally occurring substance and is graded by size. If placed on a tray in a filter chamber, it will remove ammonia from the pond water. Once saturated, it loses its effectiveness, so remove it from the system and recharge it by immersing it in a salt solution. This action releases the ammonia and, after a thorough rinsing in clean water, it can be replaced in the filter...

Any homeowner who decides to remove the asbestos cement from his or her home must then deal with the proper disposal after it has been removed from their home. All other items used during the removal of the asbestos cement that have become contaminated also need to be disposed of in the same way safely. Disposal of asbestos cement should be handled much the same way as disposal of any other asbestos containing materials. Once it has been safely removed from its location, the disposal of asbestos cement requires either 6 mil polyethylene plastic sheeting or 6 mil asbestos disposal bags, depending on the size and amount, and duct tape to seal the packages for the disposal of asbestos cement. If using...

Dumpster Direct, Inc. is one of the largest solid waste management companies in PA that provides solid waste collection, transfer, disposal and recycling services for both residential and commercial subscribers. Our strong focus on customer service, dedication and safety standards remains the basis of our reputation and has helped us maintain an unrivaled record of customer satisfaction. When you place a dumpster rental order at Dumpster Direct, you can be rest assured that you are in safe hands.  We focus on providing the highest quality service in your area.  We provide dumpster rentals, roll off containers for homes, construction sites and renovation projects. Place a request online at to get...

I just noticed the CFL bulb on our front porch has burned out. Not only is it time to replace it, it's also time for me to finally figure out what the heck to do with the expired bulbs that I've been collecting over the past year. I'm sure you are well versed in why CFL bulbs are a better choice for our environment and energy conservation but not many people know that they need to be disposed of properly. Each bulb contains a trace amount of mercury, which has been proven to cause kidney and brain damage. So it's critical that we dispose of these bulbs properly and keep that mercury out of our landfills. It's not only a healthy decision; it's a lawful decision in some states. Did you know that it's...

Quality waste containers are always necessary for effective trash disposal. Brute waste receptacles, with their useful features, are in high demand in all residential, commercial and public settings. Brute Waste Receptacles for every Trash Disposal Need Brute waste containers come in various models, sizes, shapes, and colors, and can complement any decor. They are specially designed to meet the unique demands of solid waste disposal. Brute waste containers are well-known for their user-friendly features and functionalities. They are specially designed to ease problems. For easy movement of containers from one place to another, some models come with mobile dollies. There are brute containers with...

  "The government will recover by means of market unification and dealing with public use of retirement home home Electricity Devices, household appliances in the waste recovery process, at all levels of government agencies and institutions, will be 'forced' to participate in recycling. "Press yesterday (May 16th, 2006) from the City Development and Reform Commission was informed that the city (Qingdao) has officially adopted" waste electrical and electronic products recycling pilot Interim Procedures "(hereinafter referred to as" measures "), and the city recycling of waste appliances unified pilot work has begun preparations, is expected this year (2006) started. "Measures" identified in the...

So you bought a great old house with really good bones, but the plaster ceiling is hanging in the upstairs bathroom. You've got a toilet and rotted floor to rip out in that bathroom. There's disgusting old wall-to-wall carpeting and padding over those gorgeous hardwood floors downstairs. You need to replace the porch roof and do a lot of brush cutting in your new yard. Your town only allows a single can on garbage day. What are you going to do with all that waste? In this throw-away world, it is essential to dispose of unwanted materials responsibly and respect the environment. Proper disposal is important for a lot of reasons. Some of your waste, such as tree limbs, brush cuttings and leaves, may...

There are several benefits of solid waste management and using it can control vermin that otherwise can spread harmful diseases. One can eliminate habitats for rodents as well as insects by disposing residential and commercial waste. These rodents and insects can create health risks, and wastes are the generator of these insects. One of the most alluring benefits of waste management is that it excludes the requirements of burying or burning the waste that can cause health risks to those living nearby to the area. Solid waste management is considered as the perfect means to recycle the waste and convert it into some useful material. Industrial waste management is another popular waste management...

Want the top of the line stainless trash can? Look no further than Cleanline. When you review the features of this state-of-the-art trash can you'll understand why it is hailed as the most functional, stylish and unique stainless steel garbage can available today. The typical garbage can does not enhance the space it occupies and require maintenance that is sometimes more troublesome than functional. Just like any other piece of furniture or equipment trash cans have finally become art. In a park setting they are a natural. Featuring beauty and durability they are becoming increasing the choice for parks as they are weather resistant, pet resistant and provide a sort of timeless integration into the...

Who doesn’t want to go green these days? I know that I do. I want to do my share in saving our dear mother earth because this is the only planet we’ve got. So, how does proper garbage disposal help in going green? I guess the answer is fairly simple. Let me share with you valuable thoughts that will surely convince you that proper garbage disposal is indeed a worthwhile undertaking. Are you aware that there is an estimated five million people who die from improper waste disposal-related diseases, on a yearly basis? According to a research conducted by the United Nations Development Programme, these numbers are even going higher. It simply means that there is more garbage that is being improperly...

According to the Environment Agency, 330 million tonnes of waste is produced in the UK each year. It's time to act now to reduce waste! Starting a waste minimization program is a great step towards minimising your waste and providing a greener workplace. A major focus of your waste minimisation program should be looking at how you can reduce or eliminate some waste streams from your processes altogether. Source reduction is a step you can take before looking at reuse and recycling options. Simple steps that you can take to start reducing waste today Sometimes it's easy to overlook some of the simplest steps a company can take toward starting or refining a waste minimisation program. While you're...

Although there has been a recent growing awareness about the importance of caring for our environment, most of our attention is turned toward issues such as alternative fuel sources and global warming. These topics are certainly important and do merit attention, but there are other simple tasks that you can do on a regular basis that will also help to keep our Earth better protected. One of these tasks is to participate in computer and electronics recycling programs. Why You Should Participate in Computer and Electronics Recycling Programs There are many reasons for participating in computer and electronics recycling programs. We all know that, in general terms, recycling is beneficial because it...

Cardboard balers for recycling will not only save the environment; they will also help to save a company time and money with their waste disposal company. Cardboard is the number one packing material used in commercial shipping today and it is estimated at approximately $18 billion in business each year. North America ships the most products in cardboard or corrugated boxes and it's estimated at 90 percent of all shipments to this region to be in cardboard boxes. Since there is such a high percentage of cardboard boxes' being shipped throughout the county, it would not surprise anyone that the most significant amount of waste that ends up in the landfills around the world is produced by OCC or old...

China is creating unprecedented wealth for an unprecedented number of people. At the same time, China is also creating an unprecedented volume of rubbish. The country already produces more rubbish than any other nation, and every year Chinese cities generate one-third of the total amount of rubbish produced in the world. Annually, China throws away some 190 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW). Approximately five per cent gets recycled and less than ten per cent is used to produce Energy-from-Waste (EFW) also known as Waste-to-Energy (WTE), while more than 80 per cent of this waste ends up buried in landfills. This is creating a potential crisis that government is working hard to avoid by...

Over decades together, the depletion of ozone layer and its preservation had been the high priority of environmentalists and developed nations and campaigns about educating the masses of the importance of reducing carbon emissions thereby helping the preservation of the ozone layer. Now, there are a lot more issues along with this that has been worrying the environmentalists, one of this being depletion of natural resources and increase in CO2 emissions, pollution, wastage of resources, and so on. With the expected world's population to explode to around 9 billion by 2050, it has become a great concern that people will only have 25% of the resources that were available in 1950. Already, some of the...

Ever wonder how large scale debris and recycling removal actually happens? For those of us who don't have access to a personal bulldozer, the answer is usually one arm-load at a time. For large scale projects such as re-roofing, major remodeling, and brush clearing, those arm-loads add up quickly. The simplest way to get rid of large piles of debris is to rent a dumpster or rolloff container. If the waste removal would require multiple runs to the landfill with a small vehicle, renting a container quickly becomes a better use of fuel, time and money. The extra bonus is that using a rolloff dumpster can also be the better choice for the environment. Responsible lot cleanup includes recycling waste in...

Increasing environmental concerns has raised the number of industries using the Roll Off rental services created a misconception that Dumpster services are totally restricted to industrial purpose. I completely disagree with the statement. Let me tell you that Dumpster services in recent times are being extending their wings to various commercial and household works as well. The types of waste dealt by the most of professional Dumpster rental service providers is classified into four categories general waste, construction waste, green yard waste and recyclables. Let us examine the need for Dumpster services for different subscribers. Industrial purpose Industries utilize trash rental services to...

In most of the developed countries like USA where availability of labor for odd jobs is very low you need to spend huge sum of money if you require to do so. I know you will now be thinking of disposing the waste on your own and not even going to hire labor for the task. You may save pennies here, but it calls for large sum of money to be spent on your health issues in your near future because disposing such a huge waste on self involves a lot of effort, physical exertion and time investment as well. Apart from this you need to focus on transportation complexities and environmental friendly recycling of disposed waste if you are person who respects social concerns of your nation. Construction waste...

Today, there is so much of emphasis on preserving the environment and protecting natural surroundings. Much of the damage to natural surroundings is caused by toxic waste substances. These substances are the by-products of man-made items that decay over a time period. Natural substances can disintegrate into the environment leaving no room for damage but not toxic substances. Environmental damage by toxic substances can be eliminated by adopting recycling practices. Recycling seeks to eliminate environmental waste by reproducing items from waste products and bringing them back into use. There are significant advantages to recycling, which is why it should be made mandatory. Recycling brings down the...

Have you ever considered what happens to your television, cordless phone, or MP3 player after it breaks or becomes obsolete? Consumer electronics produce approximately 3 million tons of commodity and electronic waste, or e-waste, every year. Where does e-waste go after it is thrown out, and how does its byproduct affect the environment and your health? Due to the difficulty found in the cost of recycling electronics and poor enforcement of legislation with respect to the export of e-waste, huge amounts of used electronic components are sent to China, Kenya, and India. Though very hazardous, processing of e-waste is more profitable due to low environmental standards and working conditions in these...

Do you know that the climate of the earth has altered from a frigid ice house to steaming to hot house during last 2 billion years? The major reason behind the screen is the pollution generated into the environment due to the human actions to see technological advanced nations. Greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere through natural process and activities of human beings as well. Human activities contribute to the major portion of the green house gases that are emitted into the atmosphere. Here are some steps that have to be followed to reduce the emission of green house gases into the atmosphere. • Prefer to eat your local cultivated food rather than growing fond for exported food; this...

ese days of growing environmental concerns it is up to individuals and businesses alike to take responsibility and properly dispose of their waste materials and, when at all possible, see to it that those materials are recycled as well. Even materials that aren't able to be recycled can be repurposed for other, alternative uses so ensuring that this waste is properly managed and disposed of is vital. Most all councils throughout the UK, just as with many other European nations, now have regulations in place regarding the disposal of waste in order to protect the public and the environment from health hazards. Hiring a skip has become one popular and incredibly convenient option for removing and...

Cities manage waste in different ways, the biggest variation being that between first and third world countries. In the western world, waste is typically manage quite effectively with all waste being disposed of a and treated properly where applicable. However, the way waste is handled largely depends on its nature. That is to say, some waste is potentially dangerous and needs to be dealt with in a different way, separately from everything else. Today, all of the world's largest cities have complex sewage systems. However, in poorer countries, the sewage systems may well not reached the poorer suburbs which have to deal with waste manually. Sewers have been around since ancient times and were indeed...